Realistic
The role of developing countries in global trade: the realistic view
The state plays an important role in the international political economy and is considered as the decision maker ultimately, both economic and political decisions. International Political Economy (ECI) is the interaction between state and market. Power based in tangible or intangible, or economic and military power the world can be divided into two blocs: the North and South. Northern countries are which are very powerful and strong militarily, politically and economically: Whereas, the characteristics of the South by the weaker countries and least developed and poor countries in the world whose economy is weak, governments and the military. IPE and international relations (IR) researchers also characterized the North as "Center" and the South, the "periphery." In the era of contemporary globalization, states (With special reference to powerful states) are the main actors in the IPE. There are many institutional arrangements such as Monitoring the International Monetary Fund (IMF), World Bank, World Trade Organization (WTO) and some other global, regional and bilateral IR served as platforms for states to meet and work for the smooth operation of the IPE. Arguably that although the North has the largest economy in the world and master the most important economic institutions, but the South is composed of a majority of the population and can no longer be ignored in the ICE, because of certain emerging power in northern China, Brazil and India. However, in the anarchical world in which each state is sovereign and there sovereign authority over State agents as hegemonic and powerful United States of America (USA) never give up its dominant position in the world and using media economic and political to pursue and achieve their goals in the world. There are different theoretical perspectives such as using IR liberal, constructivist and realistic structural economic analysis and policy. But the realistic approach used in the following analysis of the IPE disadvantaged South and North-South terms are closely scrutinized. This state is assigned a world dominance despite the increasing globalization of anarchy, where the main international organizations are formed by North and South States. However, it is also pertinent to note that developing states were unable to exercise their sovereignty and self determination.
The importance of IPE
In international politics, the state is the main actor plays a crucial role in the ICE. Arguably, the current era of globalization, with many institutions and international agreements such as WTO, IMF, regional agreements such as the European Union (EU), multinational corporations (MNCs), such as Nokia, Gazpom, General Motors (GM), Internet, media, pressure groups, etc. have reduced the power of the state. But the state continues to play an important role in the political and economic spheres of RI that states are responsible for final decisions in international organizations (IOs), become members of their y. creators It should be noted that developing countries are the main shareholders, therefore, exert considerable influence in major decisions of the institutions (IFIs). Anderson et al. argue that no American political interest often undermine the effects of foreign loans and aid distribution policies of institutions international donors such as the World Bank in general. Its for the fight against poverty and development in developing countries in the South have been compromised over the interests United States (Anderson, Thomas Barnebeck Hansen, Henrik & Markussen, Thomas (2005). As such, there are clear cases of the decisions of the World Bank loan offers loans to Pakistan, under the influence of U.S. interests policy. As such, the official development assistance from the World Bank in Pakistan tripled from 226 million dollars in 2001 860 million in 2002, after 9 / 11 terror attacks on U.S. soil and its military commitment in Afghanistan (Anderson et al.: 3). The reason for this aid is that Pakistan has been identified as the first line "by the Bush administration in the global war on terror" (GWOT) and the neighboring state of Afghanistan.
States have foreign policies and economic security. But it is clear that substantive competence of states rely heavily on intangible skills as an economic lever. Nationally, states are welfare policies of private property rights and providing infrastructure such as communications and transport, which governs the interactions of efficient market. While States are foreign policy and to the IFI and organizations International (OI) to pursue and protect their interests abroad. Therefore, H. Cohn Theodore (2008: 4) argues that "the wealth of a state and market size often closely linked to its military and political. "In PEI, DC competition with each other for influence and promoting international their interests, and therefore exploit LDCs by carrots and sticks.
Realistic representations of IR and IPE
According to statements realistic, there has no central authority over the state due to the anarchic nature of international system in which each state (the combination lowest to highest y) must protect its interests and ensure their survival, "Self help is the rule RI. Thus, the" realists examine the state remains the main actor GO, and focus on preserving national sovereignty. "(Theodore H. Cohn, 2008:52). If the state has a monopoly and control of internal violence and power, said to be sovereign house, while abroad, which is sovereign is not occupied by another outside the state. There may be controversial in this statement because the world is the anarchic state in which each must maximize its economic and military power and, in this scenario, the strongest states of North and Central will not let the Southern states to exercise their will and sovereignty. The first is often interfere with the sovereignty of the latter with different strategies, both economic and military. Furthermore, powerful states also influence weaker states, with economic incentives offered by international economic institutions like WTO, IMF, World Bank, etc. Therefore, the "realistic study of foreign economic policy discussed from national and transnational actors in explaining state policy." (Theodore H. Cohn 2008:52)
Although realism can be criticized by liberals and Marxists to be occupied by the security problem, but there are factors that have contributed to the renewal of real interest in international trade and the economy. First, the "reduction of the Cold War and the growing disorder in the economy realistic global forced many to extend their vision beyond security issues. "(Theodore H. Cohn, 2008: 56). It could be said that relations were Western economic boom in U.S. leadership in the 1950s and 1960s but major changes in 1970 and 1980 (great power of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), the relative decline of U.S. hegemony and the crisis of debt) has had destabilizing consequences for the economy world. These events have highlighted complex realistic to recognize the inevitability and importance of the economic issue that once was considered the issues of "low politics. "realistic second factor of interest was his argument ECI liberal and Marxist studies to be an economist, as" have exaggerated the importance of economics and underestimated the need for realistic studies of IPE, which highlighted the role of the state. "(Theodore H. Cohn, 2008, 57).
However, it should be noted that states are "rational actors from IR, regardless of membership in the North or South. Insurance for survival and maximization of power, wealth is inevitable. Thus, peripheral states are aware of the complexity and importance of international economic institutions, without which it can flourish. As such, Chinese has decided to become members of the WTO the 1990s, given the time required and maximize their economic power.
Relationships international economic
International economic relations between the North-South and South-South marks a climate of distrust and competition. Due to the dilemma security, relative gains are given more importance. Political leaders pay special attention to policies to fight against other States; competitors through various strategies such as providing financial assistance for developing countries, tariffs and other barriers to trade. Realists argue that "even if two states are quite more wealth, in political terms, is the effect of these increases in positions of relative power is of paramount importance. "(Theodore H. Cohn, 2008:52.) Realistic analysis of economic relations in terms of zero-sum game when it considers that a victory for the loss of other state. As an example, U.S. presence in Afghanistan and Pakistan because of what is considered the state at the forefront of the global war on terrorism (GWOT) can be regarded as containing China. China poses an open challenge to U.S. dominance in the global economy. Pakistan is a less developed South Asia, which is strategically very important for the economic development of China. Grace in Gwadar port (a deepwater port in the Pakistani province of Baluchistan), China is a neighbor Pakistan can reach the Gulf region, which can serve a very important energy corridor for China. And interestingly, China is fully aware of its importance and there was a joint project of Gwadar port in progress but because of the insurgency in Baluchistan, progress may be made and therefore a setback for China and Pakistan. It is alleged that the United States and North Atlantic (NATO) are feeding difficulties in Baluchistan. Shah, Anup (2009) argues that the security dilemma is common fears of states competing for limited resources and competitors are many. Therefore, the states to build weapons of self defense and for this purpose the least developed countries to look out for backup.
With regard to international economic regimes or institutions referred to "Liberals assume that the IMF, the World Bank and the WTO are politically neutral and will benefit all states adhering to liberal economic development. "(Theodore H. Cohn, 2008:52). Whereas realists disagree with them about the basis that the most powerful states training standards of these organizations according to their own national interests and serve as IO "arenas for acting on power relations." (Theodore H. Cohn, 2008: 52). As such, a simple majority is required in most the IMF, but the majority of the 75 and 85 percent are required for some important decisions such special majority vote gives a veto to the United States, the EU and countries LDCs. However, LDCs are also important, unstructured group of states with few resources can hardly meet to block a decision IMF. Thus, the system of voting power in the IMF promotes the interests and objectives of the North (Theodore H. Cohn, 2008:132).
Developing countries in international trade
In the current era of globalization, this can not be denied that the South can not be ignored by the powerful North as a country belonging south as China, India and Brazil are the major players in the IM. United Nations (UN) Conference on Trade and Development (2004: 2) argues that international trade law models are changing at a growing part of the South in international trade and development. of the South in world trade increased 20 percent in mid-1980 to 30 percent. The share of manufactures in developing countries has also increased by 20 percent of its exports ($ 115 million dollars) in 1980 to almost 70 percent (1,300 billion) in 2000. In addition, U.S. has imported more goods from countries development of a percentage point in 2003 with an increase of 40 percent of its share in exports to developing countries. Nearly half of Japanese exports and third of the EU (excluding intra-EU) are delivered in the South.
Likewise, Mohammad Razzaque (2007) argues that from 1985-2005, the imports among developing countries increased from 97 billion to over $ 1,000. However, you must be careful to note that, in fact, East Asia is the most active, representing 72% of all trade in manufactured goods SSC. Top ten economies of the South accounts for 90% of manufactured goods and 72% of agricultural products. However, with the exception of Asia and some other trade categories than South-South is dominated by primary products. For many countries products natural resources with a high intensity were the most dynamic sectors such as minerals and precious metals, synthetic rubber, nickel, coal products oil. Developing countries also face tariff and nontariff barriers that affect their performance in international trade.
Realistic see the problems of LDCs caused not only by poverty but also its weak position in IR. The position of weakness in the south compared to the vulnerability of North is provided for them in this anarchic world. As such, the post World War II has been designed to the most powerful and victorious in the world and the institutions international actors are still dominated by these powerful IR. This is evident in the United States most powerful and influential Nations Security Council is fully in control of the world's powerful states like the United States, United Kingdom (UK) France, Russia and China. Same is the case of international financial institutions could not be run without the financial support and policy of the West or the North, dominated (Gruffydd Jones, Branwen: 1). However, there are certain strategies that are used for the South to reduce the minimize their vulnerability, including
- LDCs are dependent on more involved in industrial action in relation with respect to the North because they have little individual power.
- The least developed countries dependent on government involvement in promoting development. The least developed countries have opted by policies such as import substitution and export-led growth as the government completes the market.
- WFP attempt to alter the plans and international economic organizations. At the end of World War II, the United States as a hegemonic power has helped establish international defense plans of liberal principles, norms, rules and decision procedures. (Theodore H. Cohn, 2008:65)
China's economy world and the implications for the South "
Due to their increasing participation in international trade level, China entered the WTO to become a full member of the latter on December 11, 2009. China's accession to the WTO is not independent, but has some consequences for the rest of the South. China is the fourth largest industrial economy in the world, but considered a "developing country and, according to official statements, delivered before or since joining the WTO, China is in favor of developing countries. As an example, "during the Third Ministerial Meeting on China's accession to WTO has become imminent, the Chinese Minister of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation Shi Guangsheng made five proposals for the integration of development goals developing countries in trade negotiations. "(Tanzimuddin Khan Mohammad, 2004: 13)
After China's accession to the WTO, the newspaper official China Daily said, "The participation of China in new trade round, as most developing countries, strengthen the capacity of countries developing collective bargaining, so it is possible to change the balance of power between North and South. He also said that she "accelerate the cure for the problems as a crank multilateral trading system, and ineffective implementation of the Uruguay Round Agreements. "(Khan Mohammad Tanzimuddin, 2004 14). This shows the potential to change the balance of power in favor of developing countries with the help of the Chinese leadership, which also developing countries. Realists claim that "a hegemonic state emerging international system prefers an opening, as it can contribute to economic growth, national income and political power. "(Theodore H. Cohn, 2008: 59).
However, if we consider China's position in the competitive game zero-sum or realistic, is likely to become visible as the fear that exports from developing countries face greater competition from China could be displaced by the latter due to similar fates of comparative advantage and export itself (Tanzimuddin Mohammad Khan, 2004:14), which also represent realistic hegemonic and coercive power. Therefore, neo-realist claims that creates a hegemonic state "international regimes to preserve their economic and political interests" and "international regimes based on the structure anarchic international relations, which reflects the distribution of capabilities in the international system. "(Khan Mohammad Tanzimuddin, 2004: 15)
American response to Chinese Trade Rising
U.S. is well aware of China's growing economic power is first taken as a threat to the hegemony United States. The royalists, in a hegemonic stability theory to protect against the hegemony of "coercive" (Theodore H. Cohn, 2008: 59) you can use certain coercive measures such as threats, sanctions, cutting off trade, and creating other obstacles to trade to the challenger. The United States is the largest overseas market for China and the second largest source of FDI investment. According to the Department Congressional Research (CRS) Report (Thomas Lum, Dick K. Nanto, 2007) ready for the United States Congress, U.S. import from China have increased dramatically, not only in the workplace but also in some technology sectors such as desktops and data processing, telecommunications and audio equipment and electrical machinery. All these changes indicate explicit threat of a Southern countries to United States hegemony. In return, Congress believes that access to Chinese markets, property rights Organization (IPO) protection, also focuses on the U.S. trade deficit with China assembly, there are also allegations of political dumped from the sale China products at low prices on the international level, commitment to currency manipulation, and exploitation of its workers for economic purposes. Therefore, 109 U.S. Congress introduced bills to impose trade sanctions on China, the anti-dumping and safeguards against Chinese goods and forced him to eliminate barriers non-tariff trade (Thomas Lum, Dick K. Nanto, 2007). This analysis shows the state of competition and economic confrontation between the powerful northern state and power South pop.
The disparity between North and South and the challenges of the "South"
However, some developing countries (Chinese, Singapore, South Korea) made unprecedented progress in the OT, but most developing countries face lower living standards and marginal participation in international trade markets. The most recent Human Development Report 2005 UNDP (Grffydd Jones, Branwen) says one in five of the world, more than one billion people survive on less than $ 1 per day. These people live in abject poverty that threatens their survival. Another 1.5 billion people live on $ 1 – $ 2 per day. Over 40% of the world's population lives in extreme poverty are under privileged. More than 850 million people, including one in three children in preschool age are malnourished and severely affected. More than 1 billion people lack access to safe water and 2.6 billion without access to improved sanitation (Grffydd Jones, Branwen: 3). Most of the poor belong to the South and the Europeans are living in former European colonies in Asia and focused in Africa.
The North is dominant and powerful to resist attempts by the South in international trade. According to United Nations Conference on Trade and Development "of the primacy of the North in international economic relations will be maintained." (June 13-18, 2004: 3) Paul Prebisch, one of the main advocates of the new international economic order (NIEO), states that "the institutions in the heart of the world economy have more influence on the economy institutions worldwide in the periphery. "(Paul F. Diehl, 2001: 265.) It is therefore difficult for the South of revising international economic relations. The South continue to influence developments in the global economy and trade. There are major differences between the economies and living standards of the North and South and will take time to examine these trends. There have been many attempts by the South fight against Northern influences in world trade and economy in an attempt NIEO, unaligned, poster 1970 OPEC oil, and the creation of regional and economic organizations. There are many indicators of the disparity in income levels of North-South participation world trade, including the value added in trade, the size of economic operators, pattern of specialization, and other structural and institutional factors.
We can see that the average GDP per capita of developed countries set about 27,000, or 20 times higher than that of developing countries. Less of five members of the WTO with the status of developing countries to developed countries $ 10,000 per capita income (UNCTAD 11th Session, June 2004:3). It also notes that the difference in economic indicators in the developed and developing countries expressed when looking at cross enterprises (TNC). In terms of value added services to multinational corporations from developed countries are larger than the size economies of most of developing countries: for example, the value of Exxon Mobil is bigger than the size of the economy of Pakistan and Chile, and its total foreign assets are approximately equal to the total of foreign assets of TNCs from developing countries as a whole top 50 (UNCTAD meeting June 11 2004:3). In addition, sales external Daimler-Chrysler AG's 40 percent larger than the total African exports in general, while those of Honda Motor Corporation are higher than the total value of exports India (11th session of UNCTAD, June 3004: 3). These statistics clearly indicate a marked difference between the North and South in terms of economy and world trade, which is not easily deleted or revised.
International Financial Institutions (IFIs) and the South
After the war international financial institutions have been designed by the powerful states of North and are considered very influenced by them because of their power and influence economic. Developing countries are the principal authors of these institutions, making it easier for them to shape their decisions in their favor. These financial institutions international organizations such as WTO, IMF, World Bank, said the regulation and harmonization of international finance and trade. Also provide international standards laws, institutional arrangements, principles, guidelines and thus play an important role in the process of globalization. Thus, realists argue that globalization (as produced) increased only because the States to be more. "(Theodore H. Cohn, 2008: 53). In the post Second World War Western effort to open international markets where their finished products and technologies to find buyers who are less able and could not compete due to lack of technology sophisticated. As realists say that "the biggest state can open or close world markets and globalization can use to improve their positions of power in relationship with the more low vis. "(Theodore H. Cohn, 2008: 53).
In theory, international financial institutions are said to be underway States to ease downward through assistance, and based on standards and norms of equality and self determination. But in reality, things are very different and financial institutions are considered as obstacles to development in developing countries. As such, due to the considerable complexity of the rules of the WTO and its institutional structure, a delegate of a developing country may not follow all the events of the WTO. According to one estimate, there are over seventy WTO Councils, Committees, working groups, and other groups involving more than 2,800 meetings a year. (Tanzimudin Mohammad, 2004: 4). It is believed that most developing countries can not afford to attend to the WTO meetings in the metropolitan capitals of North and little support that is received by the delegates of the South. Realistic analysis shows that the WTO multilateral agreements commerce are the only stakeholders in the interest of the heavyweights that includes the developed countries are the North, like the U.S., EU, Japan and Canada, detriment of developing countries (Khan Mohammad Tanzimuddin, 2004: 16), while Sideling that the interests of least developed countries and exploit their weaknesses. Gregory Shaffer (2006: 1) argues that although developing countries vary considerably, depending on their size, geography, population, economy, etc., but the challenges they face in the WTO can be classified into three categories:
(I), relative lack of legal expertise in law WTO and the ability to organize information on trade barriers and the possibility of fighting;
(Ii) limited financial resources, including hiring an external law consultant to effectively use the WTO legal system, which has become increasingly expensive;
(Iii) The fear of political pressures economic and members of the exercise of market power, particularly the U.S. and the EC, which undermines their ability to lodge claims in the WTO. We can classify the major challenges that the limitations of legal knowledge, the financial and political power or, more simply, the law, money and politics.
Del Similarly, the IMF is also criticized developing countries and some nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) to be influenced by the North in its decisions and policies. Graham Bird (Paul F. Diehl, 2001: 277) criticizes the IMF for its impartial decisions and avoid discussing the progress of developing countries. He argues that "in its creation, IMF has not considered any specific role in developing countries, but now has become exclusive to countries that are part of their clientele. "A of the allegations against the IMF is that "made a mistake by becoming the Redevelopment Agency." (Paul F. Diehl, 2001: 277). NGOs also argue that the IMF has development agency was inadequate because "the IMF has supported the policies were more harm than good and that the Dess development, especially the poorest, be better off without her. "(Paul F. Diehl, 2001: 277-278).
The IMF also has an influence on the design of economic policy of countries receiving financial aid. Therefore, the IMF makes its voice heard in the strong exchange rate, domestic credit creation, interest rates and imbalances prosecutors. "(Paul F. Diehl, 2001: 283). It also exerts its influence and interference in the" structural conditionality covering pricing policies, liberalization trade and privatization, the structure of taxes and public expenditure and financial sector reform "(Paul F. Diehl, 2001:283)" The performance over seems to be weak monetary rigor. Results are also discouraging policy indicating a worse performance in economic growth. Eduardo Sebastian saves average failure rate of economic growth 72%, and even that is disappointing results for PS Heller et al. SM Nsouli and Zulu in the case of Africa. (Paul F. Diehl 2001: 301). These results demonstrate that not only the progress of developing countries is hindered by Northern institutions, mastered, but also undermine their sovereignty and their right to self-determination for which collective action is needed in developing countries In addition to supporting economic policies.
Conclusion
International political and economic relations are based on self-help system marked by mistrust and competition between states, especially the "North" and "South." This does not mean that there is no cooperation in the IPE and IR, but interest underlying policy objectives are in the back of one such cooperation. Instead of helping and assisting the most poor South, the Fund has created the North hinder rich "developing countries development and the hegemonic states to interfere with its sovereignty and frequently to destabilize his interest. ECI is important in politics where the actions of Member States and the intentions are marked by self-interest and survival. Although there are states like China, that are major players in international trade, but most countries and "South" have only a minor role in international trade and in general trade in commodities or rare Natural Resour.
Reference
Thomas Anderson Barnebeck policy Hansen, Henrik and Markussen, Thomas (2005) "U.S. and World Bank IDA credit" Institute of Economics, University of Copenhagen May 2005:8
H. Cohn Theodore (2008) political theory and the global economy in the quarter-Ed (New York: Pearson)
F. Diehl Paul (2001) The Politics of Global Governance 2nd edition (Colorado: Lynne Rienner Publishers, Inc.)
Jones, Branwen Gruffydd and 'Race in the North-South ontology URL = http://www.allacademic.com//meta/p_mla_apa_research_citation/0/9/8/7/4/pages98742/p98742-2. php, since December 4, 2009.
Khan, Mohammad Tanzimuddin (2004) "China, WTO and Developing Countries: A constructivist analysis"
"New Geography of International Trade: South-South cooperation in an increasingly interdependent world" Nations Conference on Trade and Development 11 session Sao Paulo, 13-18 June 2004, http://www.unctad.org/en/docs/td404_en.pdf
Shah, Anup (April 13, 2009) "United States Aid and Assistance URL = Foreign http://www.globalissues.org/article/35/us-and-foreign-aid-assistance , From November 24, 2009)
About the Author
My name is Shahzad Ahmad Raja and i am a masters student at Linkoping Univeristy, Linkoping, Sweden. I am doing my masters in International European Relations.
|
|
Frog Chocolate Candy Mold $1.75 Made by one of the largest manufacturers of candy and soap molds, our chocolate and candy molds create fun shapes for parties, home cooking, or commercial candy shops. All chocolate candy molds are reusable and made of durable PETG plastic, and FDA approved…. |
|
|
Acrylic Ice Cubes Square Shape, 2-Pound Bag $16.99 1 inch (2.5 cm) square Artificial Acrylic Plastic Ice Cubes. These Faux Plastic Ice Cubes are ideal for theatrical productions, photo shoots, or as display props. Each package of Artificial Acrylic Plastic Ice Cubes weighs 2 lb (.9 kg), and contains 40 ice cubes. Will not float. Hand wash…. |
|
|
Realistic $20.9 Realistic |
|
|
Be Realistic $5.95 <p>With wit and a remarkable grasp of the political marginalization of the 99%, Mike Davis crafts a striking defense of the Occupy Wall Street movement… |
|
|
A Realistic Universe $25.04 A Realistic Universe |
Tags: art, design, photoshop, realistic, realistic baby maker, realistic fiction, realistic makeover games, realistic temporary tattoos, tutorial, tutorials